B2 · Upper-IntermediateSpeaking

Debating & Argumentation

How to structure arguments for and against.

Structuring an essay

Introduction → arguments for → arguments against → conclusion. Linking words guide the reader.

Firstly, … / Secondly, … / Finally, …
On the one hand, … On the other hand, …
In conclusion, …

Contrast and addition

Words to contrast and add arguments.

However, / Nevertheless, …contrast at the start of a sentence
Although it is expensive, it is worth it.
Furthermore, / Moreover, …adding a point
Tip: although + clause (although it rains); despite + noun or -ing (despite the rain).

Sample quiz questions

  1. ___ it was raining, we went for a walk.
  2. ___ the rain, we went for a walk.
  3. Social media connects people. ___, it can be addictive.
  4. On the one hand it's cheap. On the ___ hand, it's slow.

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